Racial Culture: A Critique, by Richard T. Ford Essay

Over the last thirty years, critical race and gender theorists have questioned whether and if law can protect difference in a meaningful way, especially in the workplace. Richard T. Ford, a law professor at Stanford University, provides an interesting critique of the resulting â€Å"multicultural assumptions of difference† in his book RACIAL CULTURE. While he recognizes most refutations of these approaches come from conservatives with a political agenda of legal colorblindness, Ford explicitly asserts he shares the political and social goals of the progressive left. More specifically, he refutes colorblindness as a means of equality. Ford argues that racial identity politics have the liability of undermining their stated objective of eliminating racism in the workplace. The author is clear; his opposition to discrimination based on status does not mean that one is not ambivalent about the development of a new legal category of discrimination based on culture. His overarching concern is that â€Å"race,† which is socially and economically constructed, is given additional legitimacy by the assumption that every race manifests cultural similarities and that these cultural artifacts should be protected in the same manner as racism. [A]nti-discrimination law should be refined so as to recognize only those differences attributable to the production of formal status hierarchy, for the purpose of eliminating or reducing the ill-effects of such hierarchies. Difference discourse, by metastasizing status into a thick social identity, distracts from and confuses the vital task of correcting status hierarchy. Legal decision [*217] makers need to be aware of status differences and castelike social practices in order to correct the injustices that they do. But we should resist the temptation to write a speculative sociology of group difference into law or to enlist the state into a psychotherapeutic quest to validated â€Å"repressed† identities. Finally, Ford is concerned that in privileging racial culture we foster an environment of conflict and competition, without a thoughtful analysis of which cultures are most worthy of protecting. His assumption is that racial integration should be a dominant goal of society, with members of racial groups selecting for themselves which aspects of their culture are most worthy of preserving. Many readers may agree with aspects of his legal argument, without completely accepting his rejection of identity politics as â€Å"provincialism. † Ford offers instead a vision of â€Å"cosmopolitanism† in which â€Å"minority cultural practices will survive without legal protection, albeit often in an altered, fragmented and recombined form, and that such survival in an admittedly Hobbesian social competition is preferable to the distorted and blinkered version of group difference we should expect cultural rights to produce† . While Ford’s analysis is wide-ranging, well-written, and fascinating, there are several limitations to his argument. His own assumptions regarding employment discrimination law are disturbing. His reliance on current employment discrimination law as the best means for redressing racism ignores several factors that the â€Å"difference† discourse has revealed. One factor is the gap for women of color within the protections of Title VII. To demonstrate racial discrimination, women of color must show that others of their race were treated similarly, but if those similarly-situated are men, the discrimination may not be evident. To demonstrate gender discrimination, women of color must show that others of their gender were treated similarly, but if white women are those who are similarly-situated, such discrimination may not be apparent. Contemporary Title VII jurisprudence frequently does not allow for interactions between race and gender that are unique to women of color. The formal equality required by Title VII is limited in how well it can protect against explicit racism, let alone against the â€Å"proxies of race† illustrated by cultural practice. Another area that requires further development is Ford’s extension of cultural analysis to less comparable areas of employment discrimination law—in particular, sexual preference and gender. His premise that sexual preference should be protected as status, rather than as behavior or culture, ignores the lesser protection granted sexual preference under the law compared to racial discrimination. Ford does not address the unanswered question within the law of whether sexual preference is behavior or immutable characteristic. The current judicial acceptance of lower levels of scrutiny to protect sexual preference in the workplace means that a simple reliance on current employment discrimination law will not render the results he professes are necessary. Finally, his equivalence of gender discrimination to race is disappointing, especially in the area of pregnancy. While the right to difference literature [*218] builds on a century of analysis by feminist scholars, there are clear differences between the two. However, Ford perceives pregnancy as a form of gender culture, as braids or language can be for race. But this analogy does not work. Discrimination against pregnancy is not justified by employers solely on the basis of predicted workplace impacts of the actual pregnancy, but also because women have the potential to become pregnant. Since pregnancy is a biological reality, how can it be simply another cultural manifestation or behavior choice? A second difference is that, unlike forms of racial or ethnic culture, Congress revised Title VII to incorporate pregnancy into the definition of gender discrimination. 4 Part 2- How racial Identity affects an individual in society Individual youth who experience discrimination carry higher stress burden People’s beliefs that they are being treated badly because racial or gender bias increases their stress levels, and may lead to increased emotional and behavioral problems, according to a study of black and white youth. Understanding how race and gender affect youths’ well-being â€Å"is necessary not only for promoting optimal individual development, but also for meeting the nation’s social and economic needs,† says lead study author David L. DuBois, Ph. D., of the School of Public Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago. DuBois conducted the research while at the University of Missouri, Columbia. Previous studies have focused on older study participants, but little is known about how younger age groups are affected by discrimination or prejudice, according to the study, which is published in the September/October issue of Child Development. DuBois and his colleagues administered a series of questionnaires to 350 students in grades 5-8. This group of students included comparable numbers of blacks and whites, females and males. One survey, which included questions like â€Å"Were you called names or insulted at school about your race/ethnicity† and â€Å"Were you treated unfairly at school because you are a girl/boy,† was designed to measure discriminatory experiences and how study participants were affected by them, while others measured major life stressors, racial and gender identity, self-esteem and behavior. The researchers found significant differences among the student groups. Black study participants, both males and females, reported more experiences with discrimination and prejudice. The study setting, a Midwestern school district in which blacks were a minority in both student body and staff, may have contributed to these higher perceived levels, according to the study. â€Å"In this context many black youth may not have felt adequately supported in their efforts to deal with situations involving perceived victimization or unfair treatment on the basis of race,† DuBois says. The black students who reported higher levels of discrimination were more likely to have emotional problems, the researchers found. Such problems may stem from internalized anger, according to findings from other studies. The researchers also found that the black participants in their early teens reported feeling a stronger sense of racial identity than same-age whites. The new study and previous studies have found that at this age, blacks tend to have higher self-esteem than whites. DuBois and his colleagues found that a strong racial identity is important in helping to enhance the self-esteem of black youth. 5 How Racial Identity Affects School Performance of an Individual We investigated the sources of differences in school performance between students of different races by focusing on identity issues. We find that having a higher percentage of same-race friends has a positive effect of white teenagers’ test score while having a negative effect on blacks’ test scores. However, the higher the education level of a black teenager’s parent, the lower this negative effect, while for whites, it is the reverse. It is thus the combination of the choice of friends (which is a measure of own identity) and the parent’s education that are responsible for the difference in education attainment between students of different races but also between students of the same race. One interesting aspects of this paper is to provide a theoretical model that grounds the instrumental variable approach used in the empirical analysis to deal with endogeneity issues. 6 Our Racial Identity affects who we see in society The authors asked biracial participants (one Black and one White parent) to think about their Black parent’s ethnicity. After, they could spot the presence or lack of a Black face in a crowd of White faces with the same speed and accuracy as a monoracial Black person. The same held true when asked to think of their White parent. Although all detected Black faces faster than white faces, biracial students were affected by thinking about one half of their racial identity and then behaved as if they were monoracial. Black, white, and biracial participants performed the visual search task by looking at Black and White faces on a computer screen. To prep the biracial individuals, the participants were asked to write about their mother or father’s ethnicity. Black-primed and White-primed biracial individuals differed significantly in the searches, displaying the effects of the manipulation. â€Å"These findings demonstrate that visual perception is malleable to top-down influences, such as orientation provided by one’s racial group membership,† the authors conclude. References: 1. AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race America Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) 2. http://genomebiology. com/2002/3/7/comment/2007 3. Alicia Fedelina Chavez, Florence Guido-DiBrito Racial and Ethnic Identity and Development NEW DIRECTIONS FOR ADULT AND CONTINUING EDUCATION, no.84, Winter 1999  © Jossey-Bass Publishers 39 4. Richard T. Ford. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. Vol. 15 No. 3 (March 2005), pp. 215-218 5. Pamela Ippoliti, www. hbns. org 6. Eleonora Patacchini (eleonora. patacchini@uniroma1. it) (University of Rome â€Å"La Sapienza†)Yves Zenou (yvesz@iui. se) (IUI, GAINS, CEPR and IZA Bonn) 7. Joan Y. Chiao, Hannah E. Heck, and Ken Nakayama are at Harvard University. Nalini Ambady is at Tufts University. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. , May 10, 2006.

The Great Poet Ali Akbat Dehkhoda English Literature Essay

However, one should non bury the fact that the outgrowth of newspapers and magazines in Iran opens a new way for political and literary arguments which were all led to societal consciousness of the populace and the upliftment of literary infinites. Like Romantic Poets such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and John Keats, E'tesami experienced a short tragic life: A short period matrimony to her male parent ‘s cousin lasted merely 10 hebdomads, decease of her male parent, whom she attached excessively much, followed by her ain decease three old ages subsequently at the age of 30 four. Her sudden decease Shocked the whole state and was mourned by 1000s. Hence, Parvin ‘s short life did non interfere her great celebrity in which she has achieved among Iranians. The genius girl of E'tesam-al-Molk through his encouragement began her gustatory sensation in poesy since her early childhood at around age seven or eight. She composed some literary pieces which were translated from western texts by her male parent. Parvin ‘s poesy followed the Classical Persian tradition both in signifier and content. And the reformatory position of Modern Persian poets such as Nima Yushij, Sohrab Sepehri, which led to a great literary motion, remained unaffected or possibly denied by her. E'tesami published a †Divan † , a book of poesy, consisted of 156 verse forms in 1935, with an debut by the great poet and scholar Mohammad Taqi Bahar. After her decease, Abol Fathe E'tesami, her brother, published the 2nd edition of her book including 209 composings in the signifier of Ghazal, a love vocal like Lyric and assorted other signifiers of Iranian poesy like †Qasideh † , †Qet'e † which are all short pairs. They were all followed the didactic and philosophical manners of Sanai, Naser Khosrow or even Manuchehri in eleventh and 12th centuries. Her Divan gives small room for Ghazal, but harmonizing to Professor Heshmat Moayyed those few Ghazals of hers, including 5 verse forms entitled †Arezooha † [ Longings ] and †Safar e Ashk † [ Journey of a Tear ] are regarded as the best illustrations of lyric of all time written in Persian. Along with her Divan she versified 75 anecdotes, fabrications and fables. †She is best known for her stamp, fable-like fragments written in traveling tones † conveying her moralistic idealogy. However, E'tesami ‘s controversial poetic signifier, the †Monazere † [ Debate ] claimed the largest parts of her Divan. She composed 65 verse forms in Monazere manner. Moayyed stated that E'tesami ‘s Hagiographas were largely about † work forces and adult females of different societal backgrounds, a wide-ranging array of animate beings, birds, flowers, trees, cosmic and natural elements, objects of day-to-day life, abstract constructs, all personified and typifying her wealth of thoughts. † Influenced by Mysticism and Fatalism in some of her verse forms she talked of the doctrine of life as in here: The narrative of fate is madness and it ‘s non luck to fall from the roof and state it was destiny Acting is the best wing in the Eden of cognition in the land of being, art is the best wealth Search although your will is superior to believe Thrive although your way leads to the firedrake ‘s oral cavity Moayyed believed that through personification and symbol E'tesami visualized the immoralities of society and the loss of moral committedness. And through her Monazeres [ Debates ] she expressed her ain position about † life, decease, societal justness, moralss, instruction and the supreme importance of cognition. † Her formative old ages were spent in Tehran, the capital metropolis, where her household moved from Tabriz to Tehran for better life style and instruction. E'tesami ‘s formal schooling was in the American Girls College in Tehran, a celebrated school where she taught at that place for a piece instantly after her graduation. She was invited to go the Queen ‘s coach for the new Pahlavi tribunal, but she refused. She declined that invitation for she opposed Reza Shah for his indifference towards the atrociousnesss and developments done in her state. Alternatively, she joined the library of the Teacher Training College for several months. Mohammad Taqi Bahar and Parvin E'tesami are considered as the most famed classical poets have of all time risen since the 19th century. Bahar is known as the †King of Poets † who played a important function in the † outgrowth and development of Iranian literature as a distinguishable genre † in the beginning of the 20th century. His verse forms largely dealt with the socio-political facets of Iran. Other distinguished figures in classical poesy are Mirzadeh Eshghi, Aref Ghazvini and Shahriyar. Among all singular plants, †Monazere † [ argument ] revealed the extremum of her mastermind. Monazere is the argument between two objects or two individuals, where this technique revived by Parvin since Sasanid and Ghaznavid ‘s dynasties like Abu-al-gasem Ansari. She was besides influenced by the Greek and Gallic fabrications of Aesop and La Fontaine. E'tesami highlights the Arguments by conveying a †thesis and a corresponding antithesis † together with the conventional imagination and intense duologues and the concluding lines as her ain point of views. One of the most celebrated Arguments of hers called †Mast Virginia Hoshyar † [ The Drunk and the Sober ] won great esteem among Romantic poets, which was popularized as the best argument of all time written and regarded as the mirror of the societal and political background of the age. Her prowess is confined to portray the existent Dark place of high governments in the society including †Judge † , †Governor † , †Sheriff † and the mere †Municipal † , where the Municipal Police Officer caught a ‘Drunk but Aware Man ‘ in the center of the dark and decided to take him to the Judge ‘s house, the Governor ‘s castle or the Sheriff ‘s for enquiry or test, yet the Drunkard remarked that the Municipal should wait till dawn for the Judge is asleep and the governor must be hangover at that minute. In this verse form E'tesami by conveying a analogue between the Drunkard and the Sober pictured the instability of any higher societal ranks, where no 1 is in his proper topographic point or does his responsibility. Even when the Municipal suggested the Arrested Man to travel to †Masjid † [ Mosque ] till the twenty-four hours after, this chap claimed that Masjid is n't a inn for such a criminal like him. The Municipal ‘s demand for compensation or his apparels was rejected, because the hapless Drunk did n't even hold a penny or proper apparels to put himself free. E'stesami raised her inquiring and challenging of the system in her last line, when the Officer claimed that harmonizing to the Laws of the State, he should happen a Sober to flog the Drunk. In response the Drunk laughed calmly and stated: †Bring a Sober, here no organic structure is sober † The American College Parvin E'tesami became familiarity with the civilizations of the West. E'tesam-al-Molk took her to different parts of Iran and even foreign states like Europe and Iraq. Through these trips, Parvin gained the cognition he had gained over old ages of reading and interpreting Western civilizations and traditions which drew inspiration for her in organizing the chief subjects of her poesy such as humanitarianism, liberalism. The literary assemblages held in their house went around issues of Persian civilization and life style. They normally discussed over †the Oppression of Reza Shah Pahlavi ‘s government, instruction, Women ‘s predicament and the jobs of the helot † and Parvin was the lasting participants of these meetings. The impact of all these great figures is reflected in her poesy. The twenty old ages of creativeness from 1921 till her decease displayed an †astonishing adulthood of idea and trade † of this 20th century Persian poet. Throughout her poesy she ever looked for societal justness for the Masses, particularly Women. She brings out the predicament of adult females and their subjugations in verse forms like †Iranian Women † : Once a adult female in Iran was about non-Iranian. All she did was struggle through dark and distressful yearss. Her life she spent in isolation ; she died in isolation. What was she so if non a captive? None of all time lived centuries in darkness like her. None was sacrificed on the communion table of lip service like her. In the tribunals of justness no informant defended her. To the school of larning she was non admitted. All her life her prohibitionists for justness remained ignored. This subjugation occurred publically ; it was no secret. Many work forces appeared cloaked as her shepherd. Within each a wolf was concealing alternatively. Or in â€Å" A Woman ‘s Topographic point † :aˆÂ ¦..Plato and Socrates were great because the female parents Who nurtured them were themselves great. Loghman was succored by his female parent in the cradle Long earlier attending at school made him a philosopher. Whether heroes or mystics, abstainers or legal expert, They all were first students in her school. How can a kid with no female parent learn to love? A land with no swayer offers no safety and order. There is non adequate information about Parvin E'tesami ‘s personal life except a little book of essays and verse forms published on her first day of remembrance in 1944 in Tehran. Her familiarities claimed that she was an honest, straightforward but mild adult female. She had an eternal passion in larning and contending against the dictatorship of male monarchs and great sympathy towards the multitudes. She besides offered moral solutions related to the world of life. E'tesami ‘s differentiation was due to her word picture of †spiritual truth, exalted humane constructs, plaint for poorness, favoritism † and category consciousness. However, much of her plants were the acrimonious and rough unfavorable judgment of societal and political unfairness. In â€Å" The Old Woman ‘s Lament † she challenged the legitimacy of the authorities, in â€Å" The Wretched † she portrayed poorness and protested against societal spread between the rich and the hapless. Mostly her poesy has the colour of morality. The unexpected decease of E'tesam-al-Molk secluded her from the society for she afterwards lost touch with the literary circles which had ever encouraged her. Furthermore, possibly within the patriarchal mainstream of literary society, Parvin E'tesami had no agent or shelter in showing her plants. However, as a adult female poet she managed to set up her place in the literary infinite through her human-centered mentality.

Multi User Operating Systems Essay

An operating system is a set of software programs, which manage computer hardware in a controlled fashion. The operating system controls the file-system, process management, memory management and peripherals. Multi-user operating systems are used on large mainframe computers. A mainframe computer system has one very powerful processing unit, which may contain many microprocessors. Many users will all share this processing unit. They use terminals (a keyboard and a monitor) to access the mainframe computer. A multi-user operating system lets more that one user work on a mainframe computer at the same time. Features of a MUOS The main features of multi user operating systems are resource sharing, multi tasking and background processing.  · Using resource sharing in a multi-user operating system allocates the CPU time of the mainframe computer between the different users. Each user in turn is given a small time slice of the CPU time. Because these time slices are very small the users believe that they are all using the mainframe at the same time. Resource sharing also lets users share peripherals such as printers or hard drives and also lets users share files on a network.  · Multi-tasking lets the operating system run more than one program at a time. One example of a multi tasking could be editing a word document while browsing the Internet. The way this is done is by the processor using time slicing.  · Background processing is a term which means when commands are not processed straight away but rather executed â€Å"in the background†, often while other programs are interfacing with the system in real time. Types of MUOS There are three main types of multi user operating system. These are distributed systems, time sliced systems and multi processor systems.  · In a distributed system, to the user it appears to be a single computer system but in fact is made up from a number of different host computers, which are connected together. This is completely hidden from the user. All decisions about what computer each user will connect to would be taken by the distributed system’s operating system. Each individual host within such a distributed could be any type of computer at all.  · Time sliced systems split each users time of use of the system to fairly allocate each user a fair amount of time of use. These time slices are so small that it appears to the user that their programs are running continuously when in fact the CPU is jumping from user to user. Each time slice is milliseconds long so each user is actually given several time slices every second. The more each user tries to do the slower their programs will run as their time slice has to split between their different tasks.  · Multi processor systems use more than one processor in a single computer to make themselves much more powerful and relieve the load of sharing the operating system and CPU. Users will again be distributed time slices but since there will be more than one processor there will be more allocation of time to each user rather than if there were only one processor. Main Components of a MUOS There are many components that are needed to run a multi user operating system. These include the processor, memory, data storage devices, terminals and input/output devices.  · The processor, also known as CPU or central processing unit In  terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.  · Memory refers to the physical memory that is internal to the computer. Sometimes mistaken for mass storage devices such as hard drives the word ‘main’ is used to differentiate it from this. Memory is usual known as RAM or Random Access Memory. The computer can only manipulate data that is in main memory, therefore, every program that you execute and every file that you access must be copied from a storage device such as a hard drive into main memory. The amount of main memory on a computer is crucial because it determines how many programs can be run at one time and how much data can be readily available to a program.  · There is a couple of data storage devices used in multi user operating systems. The term usually refers to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives or tape drives. Large amounts of data such as the operating system itself and any other programs that are installed on the computer are all kept on such devices so that can be accessed by the RAM and then processed to be used by the user. The main types of storage are: – o Hard disk drives: The most common type of mass data storage used on a computer because of the large amounts of data which can be held and the speed it can be accessed at. o Floppy disks: Much slower than hard drives and hold very little data but are easy portable and inexpensive. o Optical disks: This method uses lasers to read and write data. Optical drives hold a large capacity but are not as fast as hard drives but are as portable as floppy disks and with the right equipment (CD Writer) can be used to read and write data. o Tapes: Not too expensive and hold large amounts of data but do not permit random access of data.  · There are two main types of terminal used to access multi user operating systems. One is a dumb terminal, which just consists of a computer and a keyboard, but practically no processing power. They allow a user to carry out work on the remote server, minicomputer or mainframe. Smart terminals provide additional resources to perform local editing and simple processing. Basically, smart terminals are low cost PC platforms with no external storage like hard drives booting from a network.  · Input/Output devices refers to devices with allow the user to put data and receive data to and from the computer system. For instance an input device may be a keyboard or a mouse and output devices can be things such as monitors and printers. Software Components of a MUOS The main software components of a multi user operating system are the kernel, device handlers, spoolers and the user interface.  · The kernel of an operating system is the most protected and privileged layer of the operating system and acts as a timekeeper and regulator for the system, controlling any time slicing for multi user or multi tasking functions. This ensures fairness in the way resources are allocated and used, and dealing with interrupts having different priorities, which arrive to signal internal and external events.  · A device handler is a small program, which controls a particular type of device connected to a computer. There are device drivers for every hardware component on a computer. If a complex device is added to the machine then a device handler must be added to the operating software because this will contain the code needed to communicate with the device.  · A spooler puts jobs on a queue and takes them off one at a time. Most operating systems come with one or more spoolers, such as a print spooler for spooling documents. In addition, some applications include spoolers. Many word processors, for example, include their own print spooler. A good print spooler should allow you to change the order of documents in the queue and to cancel specific print jobs. Acronym for simultaneous peripheral operations on-line, spooling refers to putting jobs in a buffer, a special area in memory or on a disk where a device can access them when it is ready. Spooling is useful because devices access data at different rates. The buffer provides a waiting station where data can rest while the slower device catches up.  · The user interface is the junction between a user and a computer program. An interface is a set of commands or menus through which a user communicates with a program. A command-driven interface is one in which you enter commands. A menu-driven interface is one in which you select command choices from various menus displayed on the screen. The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program because it determines how easily you can make the program do what you want. A powerful program with a poorly designed user interface has little value. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that use windows, icons, and pop-up menus have become standard on personal computers.

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Film analysis - Essay Example Yet sometimes, rarely, like an Aquarius where all the planets form a line, every aspect of a film that could possibly go wrong does, and goes terribly wrong. Such was the case in Plan 9 from Outer Space, a film widely regarded as the worst film ever produced. Nearly every aspect of this film has some kind of problem with it, something that is almost miraculous in film making. I would argue that one of the worst offenders in this film was set design. The fact is, the sets look cheap. This is probably because they were cheap, as the film had a budget of only $60,000, which even in its era was not enough to make a high quality movie. But when dealing with black and white, texture is one of the only things that matter, and nearly every set that was supposed to be something spectacular (like a spaceship or a cockpit) had an incredibly flat look. It made it look like the set was made out of clay, or painted wood, but certainly not metal or any of the materials that would have actually been present. In contrast to the sets, I would argue that the costumes were actually a relative high point in the film. They were far from good, but they were not as obtrusively bad as other elements of the film. Part of this was because many of the costumes were just street clothes or army uniforms and that kind of thing, and are easy to make not distracting. Some of the costumes were terrible, but on the whole, the costumes were better than most other aspects of the film. Lighting was poorly done in an obtrusive way, sometimes being overly dark, other times overly light, and sometimes making it look like a staged play, with several spot lights on each subject. This is simply lazy and unacceptable regardless of budget or era. Acting was not terrible, but it was far from good. It was generally not believable, but in such a campy film believability is not necessary. The acting was over the top, but this was not a massive problem. The dialogue, however, was. From the opening scene through the rest of the movie, it was simply obtrusive and awful, and did not sound in any way natural. Furthermore, there were frequent continuity errors. The narration was one of the worst offenders, oscillating between mind numbing exposition and supposedly shocking reveals, such as â€Å"at the funeral of the old man, unknown to his mourners, his DEAD WIFE was watching!† (Plan 9). In other instances, the speakers fell into a question answer pattern that, while common in high-school screen plays, has no place on the silver screen. This was especially apparent in one exchange between grave diggers in the cemetery. Many of the aspects of the film described so far are simply bad execution. These are poor choices, made again and again. No one of them is absolutely ridiculous, but taken as a whole they certainly make a ridiculous package. Some of the editing done in post, however, was simply foolish. This film contains clips of another film, a vampire film that Wood had been working o n before it was canceled and the star died. While Wood clearly struggled to make them fit this film, even twisting the plot of an outer-space action film to be based heavily in a cemetery, these individual scenes still stand out horribly from the rest of the action. No film maker in their right mind would ever choose to insert unrelated clips into the narrative and try to pass it off as having a

Two Favorite Holiday's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Favorite Holiday's - Essay Example These holidays also mark important events in my own personal history and offer many exciting things for me to engage in with my family. Thanksgiving has always been, and will always be, a family holiday to me. My daughter was born the day before Thanksgiving, November 23, in 2005, and it was an event that I could not be more thankful for. Not only is Thanksgiving a celebration of things to be thankful for and spending time with family, but it also exists to me as a reminder of my daughter’s birth. The rest of my family joins in the festivities to celebrate both Thanksgiving and the birthday of my daughter. Similarly, the Fourth of July is one of my favorite holidays because I get to spend it in the company of my family and closest friends. Since we are celebrating our freedom and independence as Americans, it only makes sense that the Fourth of July should be a family event, since we can all celebrate our freedom as American citizens together. Another similarity between Thanks giving and the Fourth of July that I enjoy is the vast array of different foods. During Thanksgiving, my family serves, among many other things, turkey, dressing, and a large variety of desserts, such as chocolate and pecan pie. The food on Thanksgiving is considered special to us since we normally do not eat a lot of these foods throughout the rest of the year, and we take great care in preparing them for the holiday feast. The food enjoyed on the Fourth of July includes hamburgers and hotdogs, which are the best barbecue foods, and all of the wonderful little finger foods, like various types of chips and pretzels. While these foods are eaten more frequently during the year, they are more enjoyable when eaten during a holiday and while enjoying the perfect summer weather. One of the greatest differences between these two holidays is the weather. Thanksgiving is always so cold; there have been some years when there has been snow. The majority of the day is spent inside with my famil y where it is warm. The presence of the people I love most makes it even more cozy. Sometimes we go outside to play in the snow, even though it is never a great amount, but we are always grateful to come back in to the warmth. Meanwhile, the Fourth of July is hot, sometimes almost unbearably so. Regardless of this, most of the day is still spent outside. The nights are the best; it is warm enough to enjoy the weather, but the sun is not beating down on us to make it hard to handle. Despite the differences in weather, each holiday brings about different activities to participate in. On Thanksgiving, besides spending time with my family, I like to look through all of the shopping ads and begin making my game plans for shopping on Black Friday. I figure out where I will be shopping, what I will be buying in preparation for the Christmas holidays, and how to manage it without getting caught up in the rush of that busy Friday. On the Fourth of July, the day is enjoyed by swimming and wat ching the many available displays of fireworks. While we often go to Joe Davis Stadium, Bridgestreet, or Decatur at Point Mallard Park to watch the fireworks, we sometimes like to make our own fireworks displays at the home of close friends that live in the country. Holidays are important to people and their families. What is even more important is what someone can take from their experiences during

Application Case 3-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application Case 3-1 - Assignment Example sexual harassment cases have been formally indicated, investigated and confirmed, an employee should be terminated; then, the same action should be applied to the president, as well. The handling of sexual harassment cases is considered complicated due to the following reasons: (1) due to its sensitive nature, there are almost always no witnesses; (2) the cases should be handled on a case-to-case basis; (3) reporting the incident was considered fact-specific, subjective, and takes into account the credibility of both the accuser and the accused; and (4) evolving behavioral changes with regards to accepting some patterns of behavior differ through time (Pfeiffer & Henneman, p. 90). Consistency in handling sexual harassment claims is important because there could be legal sanctions and cases filed for discrimination if employers would treat their employees differently in situations where sexual harassment complaints are made. As such, based on company policies or codes of discipline and ethical behavior, organizations should clearly and explicitly stipulate instances that render the behavior as veering towards sexual harassment (irrespective of race, gender, age, length of service, position in the company, and other factors noted in the Equal Employment Opportunities

Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Plan - Essay Example Generally, groupthink is illustrated in organizations such as the military, fraternities/sororities, and cults. This theory, although characterized to have a strong organizational cohesion, is considered as a negative characteristic because it does not promote progressive thinking among its members, therefore stunting the organization's development. Social comparison theory, meanwhile, provides a pragmatic view of organizational cultures. In this theory, cultures are assessed based on their differences, and relative development against each other. Social comparison theory provides the venue for organizations to look into their culture, and create changes or modifications in it for the improvement of the organization's operations and processes and members' improvement and efficient performance. In effect, social comparison theory, although it increases the distinction between or among cultures, also develops organization culture towards better and improved development. Combining both groupthink and social comparison theories, the suggested change by the CEO can be implemented. Through the mix of groupthink and social comparison theories

Digital Marketing annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Digital Marketing - Annotated Bibliography Example Arthur Lisa’s book discusses big data as a topic that involves many individuals throughout the organizations. She argues that this fact is very essential and should not get forgotten whenever an individual is trying to make use big data in a purposeful manner. The book, big data marketing entails the position held by big data in marketing. The book; however tends to concentrate more on the barriers that hinder the organizations to use big data effectively. However, she acknowledges that big data has greatly improved advertising and marketing. The organizations that have made use of big data have recorded a tremendous success in their marketing and consequently improved sales. Amazon and E bay ensures that the products get exposed to the consumers. In this book, the author concentrates on over thirty years of her technological marketing leadership as well as her current obligation as a chief officer of marketing. She provides a common sense sequentially and also proven the data driven marketing adoption approach. The author noted that the enormous development of the internet and its necessity has made companies appreciate digital marketing. However, some organizations are yet to reap the benefits that big data the potential of providing. She attributed big data adoption to an improved customer experiences, expenses friendly and its role is commendable. She hence advocated for its adoption by marketers in their respective organizations. These aspects have led to the adoption of big data marketing and advertising by many organizations across the world. They are also easy to use especially E bay and Amazon.

Analyzation paper on the Novel the bluest eye by Toni Morrison Essay

Analyzation paper on the Novel the bluest eye by Toni Morrison - Essay Example At the beginning of the story she is ruled by two desires. The first one is to understand love and to know how makes people love her. And the second is considered not to observe parent’s quarrels that make her feels horrible. She has been interested in the feeling of love, and her life experience gives her an opportunity to face with the special and even strange manifestation of love. The matter is that Pecola has been raped by her father Cholly Breedlove. This man has problems with the alcohol that may be predetermined by his hard childhood. He loves his daughter and reflects this love in a brutal and violent form. The feelings, that he is experienced in the moment of raping Pecola, may be described as love and hatred. His character has been cruel and alcohol helps him to become mad. Still, that is considered to be the only form of love that Pecola knows in her life, and as it is suggested in the novel â€Å"wicked people love wickedly, violent people love violently, weak people love weakly, stupid people love stupidly, but the love of a free man is never save† (Morrison, 163). Her father’s freedom in love is considered to be dangerous and it reflects on a daughter. Pecola is represented as fragile and delicate child through the entire story. Her life is suffering with no positive implications in reality. She is in need to endure the boys who tortured her after school, the classmates who ridicule her, or Mr. Yacobowski who rejects to touch her hand. Pecola is a true victim of the entire society in general and of her own views in particular. The matter is that this girl is considered to be sure in her ugliness and uselessness in this world. Her black skin is interpreted by her as a huge drawback in her life and in all the society. Black means ugly for Pecola and nothing can change her vision. Her dream is represented as a desire to have blue eyes and white skin. Pecola has an imaginary illusion

Communication 207- Literature Review Assignment , Relational dialects Essay

Communication 207- Literature Review Assignment , Relational dialects - Essay Example This paper endeavors to understand the meaning and use of relational dialectics theory by examining various print and online literatures. People use various communication approaches to deal with opposing and contradictory forces inherent in interpersonal relationships (Prentice, 2009). According to Prentice (2009), relational dialectics provide insights into the process that people go through as they socialize with new comers. Various dialectical tensions have been identified. According to Baxter (2004), these tensions occur along specific internal dimensions of a relationship, such as autonomy-closeness, openness-closedness, and predictability-novelty. External and internal dialectics may occur in a myriad of different combinations (Baxter, 2004). Thus, various researchers have re-conceptualized relational dialectics as knot of contradictions; overlapping centripetal and centrifugal forces that are interrelated rather than existing as simple binary oppositions (Baxter, 2004). This paper is based on the communication paradigm of interruptive social science theory. According to Suter and West (2011), relational theories’ abstract and intimidating nature compromises students’ ability to comprehend the importance of their immediate relationships. Relational theories, including rational dialectics, provides students with perspectives to examine and constructively make use of lived experiences such as those with their roommates, lovers, friends and family members. Suter and West (2011) sought to evaluate the disconnect between theory and experience. Most importantly, the researchers aimed at valuating students’ uneasiness in retention and use of relational theories. The researchers argue connection-retention and application determine the success of students, and are influenced by active teaching techniques and classroom settings that encourage student motivation

Mental Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mental Disorder - Essay Example Mental Disorder and Treatment Modalities Through media, the general public often conveys an image of mental disorders as patients who are unpredictable, violent, and dangerous (Flores, 2008, p. 1). However, not all mental disorders portrayed these signs and symptoms, as in the case of major depression. Major depression is a serious medical condition that affects thoughts, feelings, behavior, mood, and physical health of approximately 5-8 percent of United State’s adult population (NAMI, 2009, 3). Among all the mental disorders, major depression is the most responsive to treatment. There are three types of treatment available for depression: medication, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy (NAMI, 2009, p. 8). Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective in treating depression (NAMI, 2009, p. 11). Under this therapy is the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy helps to modify the negative thinking of depressive patients by setting positive thou ghts and moods. Unlike any other method, CBT is considered to be the most rapid in producing obtained results. In fact, the average number of sessions the clients’ received is only 16 sessions.

European Terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s Essay Example for Free

European Terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s Essay In a post World War II era, terrorism and covert terrorist actions became a major weapon against the governments of many European nations. In most cases, terrorism â€Å"had two purposes: to make life unendurable for the [country], and to ensure the active support of the population by executing traitors and collaborators . † Even more, â€Å"a great number [of terrorist incidents] are directed against American targets or are related to a spillover from the problems in the Middle East . † With that said, a close look will be taken to answer three questions regarding European terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s which include how the European governments confronted the threat, what methods the European governments took to deal with these terrorist groups, concluding with an analysis of what motivated the terrorists. To begin with, a look will first be taken into how the European governments confronted the threat of terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s. The terrorist violence â€Å"during the postwar era in Europe has been characterized primarily by a combination of attacks by terrorist cells and hate crimes by individuals or small gangs of people—many of them racist skin heads . † In order to confront the terrorist actions, the European governments, for the most part, sought to compromise with a form of â€Å"conflict resolution † instead of direct action and retaliation that the United States has become so fond of employing. At first, the ideaology was to react on the defensive, without direct reaction, as it was believed that the terrorists would soon become tired of their actions and protest and the nation could move on. However, by the early 1970’s public â€Å"outrage at terrorist attacks † fueled the need for governments to act decisively in order to remove and dissemble the threat. For the first time in history, pressure was placed upon the nations that harbored and supported the terrorists . Essentially, the methods in dealing with the terrorist groups were, in the beginning, to simply let the terrorists have their say, and to attempt to negotiate, if possible. However, as the public began to find out that the heinous crimes committed on their front yards was related to terrorist actions, the European governments were forced to take direct and decisive action against the terrorists. Their methods included allocating more funds for defense and counter-terrorist measures and intelligence and to â€Å"delegitimize terrorists, to get society to see them for what they are—criminals—and to use one of [their] most important tools, the rule of law, against them . † The main defense against terrorism became the effectiveness of counter-intelligence measures and an enlightened society who no longer viewed terrorists with the pity they once deserved. The motivations of the terrorists were, at one time, honorable—as they were fighting against oppression and they didn’t employ any violent acts. However, â€Å"it will be sufficient to define political terrorism as a tactic employed by non-state actors involving the threat or use of fear-inducing forms of violence in an attempt to attain certain political objectives . † This, essentially, is terrorism in its most basic form—violence to get a fear-based reaction. However, terrorism breaks down into a much deeper psychological philosophy in which â€Å"the label of ‘terrorists’ [applies] to certain peoples struggling, by the only means within their power, to win or regain the fundamental rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Charter . † By this definition, a terrorist can be any human being facing oppression of their basic, most fundamental human rights, and is not necessarily the racially profiled stereotype that modern society has been taught to believe. Even more, throughout â€Å"history there [have] been political, social and economic situations in which endlessly and unjustly oppressed groups or races had to exercise their right to violence, their right to resist oppression by every means available . † In seeking truth and justice in their nation or culture, many terrorists choose the violent way of expressing their need for honored human rights. Moreover, â€Å"the question was not one of defending crime and violence but rather one of accepting the fact that such behavior, no matter how repugnant it appeared, had a motivation that all lovers of justice, freedom and human dignity could understand, even if they disapproved of it . † Essentially, terrorism is, as the United States public has been led to believe after the events of 9/11, the most heinous action that a human being can take in order to harm another person or nation. However, in order to understand the motivations of the terrorist, it must be recalled, and inherently understood, that they are humans too. They might be facing oppression, or they might be members of a religious cult who believe that nations who flaunt their materialism need to be punished, but the essence of the terrorist is that they are motivated by the need to fight and stand up against oppression against any odds. Overall, terrorism and covert terrorist actions have become a major weapon against the governments of many European and Western nations. Terrorism was meant to highlight the oppression that a people felt against their country, however, in many cases, terrorism evolved into brutal murders and heinous crimes. From the analysis of the three questions regarding European terrorism in the 1970’s and 1980’s, which included how the European governments confronted the threat, what methods the European governments took to deal with these terrorist groups, followed by an analysis of what motivated the terrorists, a conclusion can be drawn as to the insidious motivations of the terrorists and the evolving methods that the European governments were forced to employ to keep pace with the evolving nature of the terrorist crimes. Bibliography. Aston, Clive C. A Contemporary Crisis: Political Hostage-Taking and the Experience ofWestern Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. Crozier, Brian. The Rebels: A Study of Post-War Insurrections. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960. Martin, Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. New York: Sage Publications, 2006. Oliverio, Annamarie. â€Å"US versus European Approaches to Terrorism: Size Really Does Matter. † Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 2008. http://policing. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/content/abstract/2/4/452 Schmid, Alex Peter and Ronald D. Crelinsten. Western Responses to Terrorism. London: Routledge, 1993.

Security Issues Concerned With E Commerce Information Technology Essay

Security Issues Concerned With E Commerce Information Technology Essay Rapid advancements in technology is allowing everyone to send and receive information from anywhere in the world. Initially people used to share information but slowly this technology started emerging to business areas such as marketing, buying and selling, is called E-commerce. In which all the business transactions are made online. E-commerce is providing many comforts to everyone at the same time there is a chance of misusing the technology. In this essay, E-commerce is discussed in detail about the security issues associated with that. Familiarity with securities increases the benefits of E-commerce to a maximum extent.   INTRODUCTION E-commerce is a type of business model for a small or larger business that enables a firm or individual to conduct business using electronic media such as internet. It can be divided into four major areas based on type of business and the parties involved in business. They are business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business. This essay explains about E-commerce, importance of E-commerce, latest applications, advantages and draw backs. This is also explains in detail about current security issues, E-commerce threats, risks and privacy issues related to various areas of e commerce. IMPORTANCE OF E-COMMERCE: In e-commerce, time plays a vital role in both the businesses and consumers. From the business point of view, with less time spent during each transaction, more transaction can be attained on the same day. As for the consumer, they will save up more time during their transaction. Because of this, Ecommerce steps in and replaced the traditional commerce method where a single transaction can cost both parties a lot of valuable time. For example, a banking transaction can be completed through the Internet within a few minutes compared to the traditional banking method which may take up to hours. This fact clearly proves that Ecommerce is beneficial to both business and consumer wise as payment and documentations can be completed with greater efficiency. APPLICATIONS OF E-COMMERCE: Now a days development of E-commerce applications is taking place rapidly. This is mainly due to the increased  number of internet users  and awareness of technology in people. Many people using internet to shop online, make bills payment and  money transfers  etc. ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS: People paying more attention to do electronic transaction using internet because, they can do these from any place in the world at any time they wish. This is saving lot of time and effort and providing comfort.   The other important advantage of e commerce is the cheapest means of doing business. From the buyers perspective also ecommerce offers a lot of real advantages. Reduction in buyers sorting out time. Better buyer decisions Less time is spent in resolving invoice and order discrepancies. Increased opportunities for buying alternative products. DIS ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE: However there are several benefits of E-commerce applications, there are few limitations and risks involved in using those applications. The main disadvantage of E-commerce is the lack of a business model, lack of trust and key public infrastructure, slow navigation on the Internet, the high risk of buying unsatisfactory products, and most of all lack of security. It has a great impact on traditional business system. For example,  telephone bill payment  in traditional method was expensive and time consuming than the recent online payment. Of course, the recent online payment system is cost effective but, cant provide employment in the transportation system like traditional payment method. So the major disadvantage of E-commerce applications is, it perpetuates unemployment. In some way it can provide employment to few people like  data base administrator,  internet security providers  etc. where as privacy, security, payment, identity, contract comes under drawbacks of the e- commerce. SECURITY ISSUES CONCERNED WITH E-COMMERCE: In spite of its advantages and limitations E-commerce has got some security issues in practical. E-commerce  security is nothing but preventing loss and protecting the areas financially and informational from unauthorized access, use or destruction.   Due the rapid developments in science and technology, risks involved in use of technology and the security measures to avoid the organizational and individual losses are changing day to day.  Ã‚  There are two types of important cryptography we follow for secured E-commerce transactions. Symmetric (private-key) cryptography:  This is an  encryption system  in which sender and receiver possess the same key. The key used to encrypt a message is also used to decrypt the encrypted message from the sender. Asymmetric (public-key) cryptography:  Ã‚  In this method the actual message is encoded and decoded using two different mathematically related keys, one of them is called public key and the other is called private key. To provide the maximum security using cryptography we target the following five areas: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integrity 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-repudiation 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authenticity 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confidentiality 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Privacy INTEGRITY: Integrity is nothing but message must not be altered or tampered with. There are several chances for damage of  data integrity  in the E-commerce area. Errors could take place when entering data manually. Errors may occur when data is being transmitted from one computer to another. Data could be modified or theft because of software  bugs  or  viruses. Data could be lost due to the unexpected hardware damages like server or disk crashes. There is possibility of data loss due to the  natural disasters  like  fire accidents. There are many ways to minimize these threats to data integrity. We can maintain the  Back up  of our data efficiently by updating regularly.  Ã‚  Modern technology provides us various security mechanisms to controlling access to data.  Ã‚  We can improve the data integrity through designing  user interfaces  that prevent the input of invalid data, for example menu driven applications which allow user to choose particular they are looking for.  Ã‚  We can use the  error detection  and correction software when transmitting data to develop integrity.   NONREPUDIATION: Prevention against any one party from reneging on an agreement after the fact.  For E-commerce and other electronic transactions, including ATMs (cash machines), all parties to a transaction must be confident that the transaction is secure; that the parties are who they say they are (authentication), and that the transaction is verified as final. Systems must ensure that a party cannot subsequently repudiate (reject) a transaction. To protect and ensure digital trust, the parties to such systems may employ  Digital Signatures, which will not only validate the sender, but will also time stamp the transaction, so it cannot be claimed subsequently that the transaction was not authorized or not valid etc. AUTHENTICATION: In E-commerce, authentication is a process through seller validates the information provided by the buyer like credit card information. In this  process verification of both the cardholders identity and the payment cards details are checked. In E-commerce transactions sellers must be very careful and responsible to provide good payment authentication services. A well developed and implemented transaction authentication process will decrease the number of customer disputes and charged-back transactions. If the E-commerce website do not have the good authentication system could lead a great loss of both data and money.     CONFIDENTIALITY: Confidentiality is protecting our data from unauthorized users. That means whatever the data or information shared by the merchant and the customers should be accessed by those two parties only. No other should be able to access such data. To maximize the confidentiality we must follow good  encryption and decryption methods, proper authentication and authorization procedures. We must use good antivirus or software error detections system. PRIVACY: Privacy is a major concern in E-commerce area which tells the E-commerce user how long his or her personal information is going to be stored in web site owners database, how safely they delete such personal information and what are the legal actions will be taken if the ecommerce website is misused. In online transactions, the website owner or service provider will have the ability to keep a record of all the purchases made by a consumer. Each E-commerce website has its own privacy policy, as per the needs of the organization.  Ã‚  So the customers must go through the privacy policy before they utilize E-commerce website for online shopping. Otherwise the customers have to phase big problem as the seller has the legal rights to take an action on customer for misusing their website. To get rid of this problem now a days we are able to use many tools like filtering website with low privacy ratings In the e-commerce security, some of the issues to be considered in this issue they are digital signatures, certificates, secure socket layers, firewalls. I will explain each and every concept with detail explanation. Digital signature is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. A digital signature can be used with any kind of message, whether it is encrypted  or not, simply so that the receiver can be sure of the senders identity and that the message arrived intact. Digital certificate is an electronic credit card that establishes your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holders  public key  (used for encrypting messages and  digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users public keys. In Security socket layer, Information sent over the Internet commonly uses the set of rules called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol). The information is broken into packets, numbered sequentially, and an error control attached. SSL uses PKI and digital certificates to ensure privacy and authentication. The procedure is something like this: the client sends a message to the server, which replies with a digital certificate. Using PKI, server and client agree to create session keys, which are symmetrical secret keys specially created for that particular transmission. Once the session keys are agreed, communication continues with these session keys and the digital certificates. Some of the protecting networks are fire wall and proxy servers. Fire wall is to protect a server, a network and an individual PC from attack by viruses and hackers. Equally important is protection from malice or carelessness within the system, and many companies use the Kerberos protocol, which uses symmetric secret key cryptography to restrict access to authorized employees where as proxy servers (proxies) is a  server  (a computer system or an application program) that acts as a go-between for requests from  clients  seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource, available from a different server. E-COMMERCE SECURITY THREATS: However we follow security measures, there are is a chance of threats in several ways. We can classify such threats in to four types. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intellectual property  threats:  Ã‚  Some browsers use the information personally from a website without permission of the website owner. For example, music downloads, software pirating  etc. To get rid of this problem website owners have to use secured authentication system 2.  Ã‚  Client computer threats:  Ã‚  Sometimes client computers may impose for electronic threats like  Trojan horse, viruses. Which enters the client computer without users knowledge, steal the data and destroy or crash the client computer. To avoid these types of threats we need to use good antivirus system which should be updated regularly. The website owners should implement a strong privacy policy.   3.  Ã‚  Communication channel threats: As internet allows anyone to send and receive information through many networks. Data may be stolen, modified by unauthorized users of hackers. Hackers can develop software to steal the user Identification and pass words as well. Spoofing is another major threat while data is being transmitted electronically.  Denial of service  is also one of communication channel threat, where hackers sends unlimited number of requests to the target server, which big number of requests may not be handled by the server. Obviously the genuine user will find websites of that server are always busy.  Ã‚   We can overcome the communication channel threats using public key encryption and private key encryption.  Ã‚  We can also use proper protocols to get rid of communication channel threats. Digital signatures are another way we can follow to minimize these kinds of threats. Where the actual message which we need to send is decrypted and bound with senders private key and a signature is added to that will be send to the receiver. The receiver uses senders public key and signature for decryption to see the actual message. 4.  Ã‚  Server threats: Denial of service is a major threat for the servers, where hackers generate a program which sends many requests from the client side that cannot be handled by the server. Spamming  is another important threat for the servers. To protect our server from the above threats we can use authentication for web access, digital signatures and firewalls. Firewalls check the incoming requests packets and if anything which does not match with the server related data, they simply reject those requests. Some of the tools to achieve the security they are encryption, firewalls, security tools, access controls, proxy systems, authentication and intrusion detection. HOW TO DEVELOP AN E-COMMERCE SECURITY PLAN: Perform a risk assessment Develop a security policy Develop an implementation plan Create a security organization Perform a security audit Firstly, security plan starts with risk assessment which means an assessment of the risks and points of vulnerability. Secondly, security policy is a set of statements prioritizing the information risks, identifying acceptable risk targets and identifying the mechanisms for achieving these targets where as in the implementation plan it will take to achieve the security plan goals. Thirdly, security organization educates and train users, keeps management ware of security threats and breakdown, and maintains the tools chosen to implement security. Lastly, security audit involves the routine review of access logs. MANAGING RISK IN E-COMMERCE: To be able to manage the risk in E-commerce first step is identify the risk factor whether it is intellectual property threat, communication channel threat, client computer threat  Ã‚  Ã‚  or server threat. Then we take a counter action against the relevant risk as explained above. If we dont do this regularly, E-commerce may mislead the customer because of the data stealing of modification. Customers and the website owners may lose valuable account numbers; pass words and other personal information. As E-commerce is worldwide, it could lead for the global loss for both customers and sellers. CONCLUSION E-commerce is a type of business model for a small or larger business that enables a firm or individual to conduct business using electronic media such as internet. In e-commerce, time plays a vital role in both the businesses and consumers. E-commerce  security is nothing but preventing loss and protecting the areas financially and informational from unauthorized access, use or destruction.  Due the rapid developments in science and technology, risks involved in use of technology and the security measures to avoid the organizational and individual losses are changing day to day.  In the e-commerce security, some of the issues to be considered in this issue they are digital signatures, certificates, secure socket layers, firewalls. To develop a security plan five major steps have to be considered they are risk assessment, developing security policy, implementation plan, create a security organization and performing a security audit. To reduce the risk from the Trojans, worms ev ery one should implement the security plan.

The International Market Audit And Kangaroo Meat Products Marketing Essay

The International Market Audit And Kangaroo Meat Products Marketing Essay The Report Covers an International Market Audit and a Marketing plan for the export of Kangaroo meat products in the German market by Ace Corporation. The Companies main objective is to sell Kangaroo meat products like (sausages, diced meat, fillets and mince meat) in the German market to broaden its market space. The Vision of the company is Creating an edible product for human consumption which will be so tempting and full of nutrition that all would just want to say Lets eat Kangaroo. The Kangaroo Industry is in operation in all states of Australia except Victoria and NT. Its reasonably big industry collecting revenue of $270 million per year. Every state has to operate under the Kangaroo Management plan which is controlled by the Conservation authorities within the state and when overseas its controlled by the Federal authority. Germany is one of the worlds largest economies. Having a market share of 33.5 per cent in the European meat market. The Meat markets make a lot of profit reaching nearly $7.8 billion in the year 2007, and are mostly likely to touch $9.5 billion by 2012. (Frozen Food Global Industry Guide, 2008). The Germans are adapting to the new culture surrounding and are becoming more and more health conscious with passing time. After having understood the market trends and successfully completing the economic and socio-cultural analysis Ace Corporation has chosen Germany for the international export of Kangaroo meat products, which is very healthy , high in protein , iron and very low in fat perfect for our target market being families. (Phillips, C., n.d.). The Product Kangaroos are very high in number and are stated as an iconic animal and are known for their uniqueness in Australia. They give off one third as much methane as ruminant animals, like cows o goats. They are responsible for 60 per cent of the global methane emission. They whole idea behind entering into this industry was to reduce the highly populated number of Kangaroos creating a healthier environment and provide a cuisine which the consumers enjoy to eat as a part of their meals.( Kangaroo meat, n.d.). Below is the chart showing the population of Kangaroos in Australia 2009 Population estimates for kangaroos within the commercial harvest areas State Red (Macropus rufus) Western Grey (Macropus fuliginosus) Eastern Grey (Macropus giganteus) Wallaroo/Euro (Macropus robustus) South Australia 1,031,000 658,000 465,000 Western Australia 904,506 1,653,464 New South Wales 2,456,795 722,255 3,909,270 114,966 Queensland 5,004,684 7,714,654 2,405,729 Grand Total 9,396,985 3,033,719 11,623,924 2,985,695 Source: Kangaroo population estimates Kangaroo Meat which we will be exporting from Australia is meant for Human Consumption only, as 70 per cent of kangaroo meat is exported to different countries around the world. It is considered as ideal meat for maintaining a balanced diet. It is also low in cholesterol and has 24% of protein and minerals. The fat contain is less than 2%. Nutrition Content as Compared to other meat Protein (%) Fat (%) Kilojoules (per 100g) P/M/S ratio Cholesterol (mg/100g) Iron (mg/100g) Kangaroo 24 1-3 500 1.5(1)1 56 2.6 Lean Lamb 22 2-7 530 0.1(0.9)1 66 1.8 Lean Beef 22 2-5 500 0.1(0.9)1 67 3.5 Lean Pork 23 1-3 440 0.2(1.3)1 50 1.0 Lean Chicken Breast 23 2 470 0.4(1.5)1 50 0.6 Rabbit 22 2-4 520 0.8(0.5)1 70 1.0 Source: Food GL Fogerty AC. 1982. The fatty acids of Kangaroo and wallaby meat. CSIRO Food Research Quarterly, 42, 57-61. Kangaroo Meat is available in various shapes and sizes for human consumption a chart of different types of kangaroo meat cuts has been put up in the Appendix 1. Evaluate the Product as an innovation as it is perceived by the intended market. Relative Advantage People of Germany have adapted to new food habits and have become more calorie and cholesterol conscious in their intake. Percentage of protein in Kangaroo meet is high in comparison to beef and pork. People of Germany like game meat, as well are always ready to try different types of meat products. (Flannery, n.d.). An added advantage of Kangaroo meat is that it is 30% cheaper than beef, which simultaneously increases the scope of opportunities to sell our product into the German market. (More Aussies dining on Skippy, 2008). The relative advantage of our product is more as compared to other products. Compatibility Kangaroo meat is one of the healthiest red meat, available for human consumption. The fat levels in kangaroo meat are less than 2% which creates a positive mind set for the consumer to buy our product as these days consumer are very health conscious. Kangaroo meat can be used exactly like other red meats; its also available in a wide range of cuts. (Kangaroo Meat for Human Consumption,n.d.). Complexity Our Kangaroo meat is produced under high strict hygiene legislation and has an even healthier disease free status than domestic animal meats. The method of cooking kangaroo meat is easy and not to complex. One thing which needs to be kept in mind is overcooking which will dry out the meat. Trial ability As Kangaroo meat falls under the category of game meats and is one of the rarest breed of animal found for human consumption it is also very inexpensive to purchase, this automatically encourages the consumers in Germany to try this product for a minimum expense from their pockets Observability Kangaroo meat is easy to cook and contains high levels of protein, iron, zinc, B-group vitamins namely riboflavin, niacin, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12. A variety of dishes can be cooked from kangaroo meat. German Consumers cab be rest assured that our kangaroo meat is safe to eat and is processed to meet the strict Australian and export Standards. (COOKING TIPS.n.d.). Major problems and resistance to product acceptance based on the preceding evaluation. The Main issue or the area of concern for Kangaroo Meat is the method of cooking as it is low fat content, can easily dry out during the cooking process. Therefore it is recommended to follow some simple cooking steps to retain moisture and the meat flavour. Kangaroo meat should be handled and cooked like any other lean low fat red meat. (COOKING TIPS.n.d.).The Haziness of cooking kangaroo meat discourages many consumers. Also another problem with Kangaroo meat is that Kangaroo is the national animal of Australia. The consumers which are fond of meat products are very taste sensitive, they are aware of kangaroo products being available in the market but havent got the right approach and means to try it out. The Market Describe the market(s) in which the product is to be sold. The country that we are focusing on selling our product is Germany. The market audit and plan will be based on strategically approaches used to introduce our product into the market, specifically looking at the culture, political and economic environment. 1. Geographical region(s) We are focusing on Berlin being the capital of Germany, as it is not possible to cover the entire market of Germany in the first year of business. Berlin is the most important state in Germany out of the 16 states. It has a total population of 3.5million. Berlin is one of the most significant centres in European politics, culture and science. Berlin is also a working capital city and a province of Germany. It is also famous for its cultural institutions and a highly visited tourist destination.(Berlin ,Germany,n.d.) Forms of transportation and communication available in that region. Germany is well known as the nation of car lovers. Public Transport is excellent in Germany. Their rail network is very comfortable, reliable and fast. All major cities have an impressive public transport system like Tube, Tram and Busses which are very reliable. Many cities in Germany encourage cyclists with elected bicycle lanes. ( Getting Around in Germany,n.d.). For Transportation and communication when exporting and selling (in the Target market) our product, we will be using only Air Transport and Road Transport. Consumer buying habits. Product-use patterns The German cuisine is very different from region to region, Aswell we have discussed this in ou socio-cultural analysis which gives a clear understanding of the audience in the target market. As the Germans is health conscious and very particular about their calorie intake. There are more than 1500 varieties of sausages available.(Cuisine,n.d.). As our kangaroo meat is very healthy, light in consumption less in fat and easy to cook, it fits right as a part of their meals keeping in mind the health factor. Product feature preference According to a survey by GfK whose studies and analyses are based on consumer shopping behaviour state that the German consumers have a per capita retail purchasing power of around à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5,201 in 2009. GfK GeoMarketing has understood and calculated the Germans purchasing power by region, categorizing the results according to around 60 food- and non-food product lines.(New study on Germans regional consumer preferences,n.d.). As the Consumers in Germany have high purchasing power , it gives us a green flag to enter their market and sell our chosen product. Untitled.png As seen in the above chart the German consumers spend round 12.6% on health and hygienic products. In which they are mainly looking for nutritious and healthy intake of food. In that case kangaroo meat which we want to sell meets their demands and expectation levels. Shopping habits Shop till you drop is the tag line which is fixed to the Germans shopping habits. Shopping is called as a national pastime for the Germans. Malls are not that well- developed in Germany so there are more of Out Malls which have been opened up. Place lile Big Box, hyper-stores, discounters, Marktstrassen or market streets are very popular to buy their products on daily needs.(Shopping in Germany,n.d.). Specialization shops are very popular and easily recognized in food stores. The Metzgerei (butcher), Backerei (bakery) and Konditorei (pastry shop) are in business by people of their own profession. Germans basically buy their meat from local butchers instead of buying it from supermarket. Their preference is quality, comfort, prestige, convenience and price when buying consumer durables. alternatively, price dominates other factors in case of everyday goods.(Shopping in Germany,n.d.). Distribution of the product Typical retail outlets The German market is the biggest and the most important part of Europe, the retail market is very competitive and segmented for most of the products. The highest level of importance is given to the Quality and service of the products. ( Germany MARKET ACCESS,n.d.). The German retail market is distributed into large Independent shops, having a high proportion of distribution in city centres and urban areas. Also they are quite a few numbers of hypermarkets followed by discounted stores which are the main attractions to customers. The market also gives high importance to distance selling which are mail order, e-commerce and teleshopping.( Germany MARKET ACCESS,n.d.). Our strategy here will be the approaching the specific shops which will sell our products to the consumers at a reasonable price, which specially assures good quality and taste. Product sales by other middlemen For selling a variety of products in Germany, the best approach is to involve or appoint an independent regional agent who understands the surrounding and culture, having a clear understanding of the situation. Also taking into consideration that Germany holds the ranking for organising the worlds largest trade exhibitions and fairs, proving very important for companies to build their image and status in the surrounding and simultaneously understand who its competitors are, how the market operates and how to create goodwill amongst the bigger guns. (Distribution, n.d.). Advertising and Promotion Advertising media usually used to reach your target markets(s) Advertising is one of the most evident forms of communication. The types of advertising most used in Germany are Televisions, Print ads( Newspapers), Outdoor, Radio, Online and Magazines, for any product to be introduced in this target market these types of adverting media are highly recommended.. (Germany Marketing Strategy,n.d.). As mentioned in our earlier economic analysis report that 51% of citizens obtain new through the medium of television, 22% get the information from newspapers or Magazines and 6% make use of the radio. Advertising is given the utmost importance in any company or to any product before getting itself introduced to the world and especially in Germany for us to introduce our Kangaroo Meat we will need to approach the right medium to give us the right push in to the target market. Sales Promotions customarily used Sales Promotions acts as the key factor in adding value to the sale. Sales promotions are usually used in the B to B Market, where the consumer goods move fast in sales. Germany on the other hand has some interesting strategies to take from, and undoubtedly these promotional strategies have proven to work in the current market trends. (Phillips, C., n.d.). The Tools used for the promotion of any product have to be taken into effect by understanding the customer sentiments and the way of purchasing, because the need and want are two separate things when it comes to buying a product. Tools like Consumer goods Coupons, Price reduction, Premiums, data base/ direct marketing, are the main sections given high priority in Germany when introducing a product. (Phillips, C., n.d.). Pricing Strategy Pricing is one of the most critical factors when pricing in the International market. Pricing is that element that generates revenue; the remaining elements are driven by cost. The thought that we as exporters need to be cautious when pricing in the Global environment is Counter Trade Requirements, Regional Trading, Increased Competitive Levels, and Standardisation against Localisation Issues etc. (cite text) Customary Mark-Ups The Normal pattern used by most of the retailers for the mark-up is the customary mark-ups which is a 100% .e.g. If our product cost is 12$ it will be sold in Germany for 24$ keeping in mind the conversion cost between the two countries.(Pricing Strategy,2007). In the case of our product we have kept the Customary mark- up price for our retailers as 60% for only the reason being our product is new in the market and even though our competitors exist we have to match the standard Quality and Taste of our product , keeping in mind the affordability factor Types of Discounts Available Discount types are many and have various purposes depending on the situation, the location, the time period or even the market trend. Types of discounts available in the target market are: Paper Coupon Online Coupon Direct Discounts Premiums Reward points Rebates Percentage of total Purchase Cash of total Purchase As for our Kangaroo meat we will only be using the Coupons, Premiums, and direct discount strategy as it is not possible to introduce all types of discount in the first year of production/export. Compare and contrast your product and the competitors product The Main competitors who export Kangaroo meat from Australia are: Macro Meats- Leading producer of kangaroo and wild gourmet game meat Southern Game Meat- Export Kangaroo meat to Europe. DGroot International Food Marketing Exports Kangaroo Meat to the USA. Game meats Australia- Export Kangaroo and Wallaby meat. Ace Corporation main objective is to export Kangaroo Meat. The idea and the purpose behind selling kangaroo meat is that, its low in fat intake and free from chemicals, hormones and pesticide. Its basically an ultimate free range meat which is very high in protein and iron content. Our Tag line says it all Lets Eat Kangaroo our motive being Healthier Kangaroo meat for Human Consumption. One of our major competitors is Macro Meats Competitors Product Macro Meats is our biggest competitor. Macro Meats was established in 1987 with a vision to develop kangaroo meat not only as another meat for human consumption, but to promote kangaroo meats healthy and 100% natural features. The Company Director and Owner Ray Borda has been the man behind this industry for over 22years. Some of the Products sold by them are: Kanga Bangas (Kangaroo Sausages) Kangaroo Mince-1kg Marinated kangaroo steak Kangaroo Mince- 500g Kangaroo Steak Kangaroo Fillets Kangaroo mini roast Kangaroo marinated kebabs. (Products, n.d.). Brand Name They export their product under the name- Macro meats-Gourmet Game. Is a certified meat exporter and is EU accredited. Features Some of their Features which give them a higher advantage are : Chemical free Processed as per Quality assurance program Gluten free 98% fat free High in Iron High in Protein Package Macro meats-Gourmet Game have a standardised packing pattern for all their products as they have a number of products which they export as mentioned above. Their packaging is done by the Australian Supermarkets and the kangaroo meat is approved by the National Heart Foundation of Australia and many of its products have a Kangaroo fillet Tick Approval. (A Growing Industry, n.d.). Competitors Prices Product Per kg (In AUD) Kanga Bangas ( Sausages) $13.00 Kangaroo Fillets $17.00 Kangaroo Mince 500g $10.00 Diced Kangaroo Meat $12.00 ACE Corporation will be only selling four products in the first year of production/export, for the same reason we have compared prices with only four of our competitors products. Competitors promotion and advertising methods. Macro Meats Slogan is Good for you good for the environment The Advertising methods used by them are mainly through newspapers, Television, radio and the weekly specials booklets distributed by the supermarkets.(Environment, n.d.). Competitors Distribution Channel The Distribution channels used by Macro meats are as follows: Air Transport Distributors Retailers Storage at the arrival airport Truck Transport Custom Duties Freight Forwarder Storage Importers Storage in Processed Chillers Macro Meat Processor Market Size The Australian Kangaroo Industry started exporting Kangaroo meat to Europe in 1959 having a high response to the European game meat. Kangaroo meat which is processed and exported is checked by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS).( The kangaroo industry2008). The market size for this type of industry is massive and is spread in Germany, Russia, USA, Africa, China, France, and Netherlands. Estimated Industry sales for the Planning year As there are a few organisations already exporting the same product as ours it will be a bit difficult to gain an 100% profit margin. Looking at it from all aspects of the market we have an estimated target of 65% to achieve. Estimated sales for your company for the planning year. The Estimated sales for our first year being in business. Selling Kangaroo meat in the Germany will be approximately % 750,000.00 With an estimated Gross Profit of 16.4% Government participation in the marketplace The German federal government plays a vital role in the German economy, sometimes directly and sometimes indirectly through the effects of other policies on the economy. Germany being a part of the European Union (EU) which assures a Liberal Movement between European countries. Germany is a leader in export thus the entire European union is its Primary trade partner with 47.8% of the German imports and 53.1% of its exports are made with 15 original members of EU.( Foreign trade in figures, n.d.) Agencies There are two Australian Government that have been set up and will be helpful for us to export. They also provide grants to exporters that assist with business development activities. They are listed below: Austrade (Australian Trade commission). Overseas Business Development Grants from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Regulation The government regulations and list of documents that we will have to comply with, when exporting our product: Kangaroo Harvester accreditation requirements are that each State has a TAFE course which harvesters must pass in order to gain licences. A permit issued by the department will generally be needed to legally export kangaroo products. The export and import of wildlife and wildlife products is regulated under Part 13A of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) Following the Code of Practice for the Humane Harvesting which ensures humane welfare. Outcomes of kangaroos. (Exports, n.d.). Insurance Certificate Commercial invoice Packing list Freight insurance Freight documents Customer value declaration Certificate of origin Customs Import declaration (Special certificates, 2009).

Comparing Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) and Jean-Paul Sartr

Lack of Order in Albert Camus' The Stranger (The Outsider) and Jean-Paul Sartre's Nausea  Ã‚   Nausea, by Jean-Paul Sartre, and The Stranger, by Albert Camus, refuse to impose order on their events by not using psychology, hierarchies, coherent narratives, or cause and effect. Nausea refuses to order its events by not inscribing them with psychology or a cause for existence, and it contrasts itself with a text by Balzac that explains its events. Nausea resists the traditional strategy of including the past to predict a character's future. It instead focuses on the succession of presents, which troubles social constructions such as "stories" and "adventure." The Stranger resists traditional categories of order by not dividing Meursault's body and soul, or body and mind. It denies the order of cause and effect by providing no motive for the murder of the Arab, and resists a reductive reading of itself as a case history of a "monster." The novel contrasts its refusal to interpret with the coherent narrative that the prosecutors create. The Stranger and Nausea explore similar stra tegies as they interrogate ways to view the world without a system of interpretative illusions. Nausea refuses to assign order to its events by choosing not to justify them with psychology or cause. Roquentin finds himself unable to pick up a piece of paper, for no apparent physical reason. However, he refuses to psychoanalyze the event. He writes that he will not traffic in "secrets or soul states," or to "play with the inner life" (9). When he cannot pick up the paper, he decides that no explanation is necessary: he simply decides "I was unable" (10). By not assigning psychology, Roquentin allows the event to have a gratuitous existence. Similarly, ... ...contrasts itself with an inner text that uses interpretation to assign order to the events of the world. Nausea contrasts its denial of cause and psychology with the section from Eugenie Grandet, and The Stranger contrasts its refusal to assign a cause to the murder with the prosecutor's coherent narrative. They both incorporate gratuitous events, and refuse to supply an interpretation for them. Roquentin refuses to explain why he is unable to pick up the piece of paper in Nausea, and Meursault finds no means, or necessity, to interpret his murder of the Arab in The Stranger. Both novels explore ways to view the world without reducing it into a comforting but illusory system of order. Works Cited Camus, Albert. The Stranger, trans. Mathew Ward. New York: Random House, Inc., 1988. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Nausea. Trans. Lloyd Alexander. NY: New Directions, 1964.

Short Story Essay examples -- essays research papers

There was a girl named Kandy, she was 15 years old. Her life was extremely boring, all she ever did was go to school, go on her computer, eat and sleep. She spent all summer on her computer. She was really good with HTML and spent her free time making web sites. Kandy didn't have many friends and rarely talked to guys because she was shy and unconfident about her looks. That's why she went into chat rooms. She made a web site with pictures of herself on it and told people in chat rooms to go there. A lot of people would tell her how pretty she was and some would say she was ugly. That made her feel awful. When anyone would say anything nice to her, she wouldn't believe them and think that they were just making fun of her. She only had one real friend that she could talk to, her name was Ang.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  School was starting next week and Kandy has to go shopping for new clothes. That was the only thing she enjoyed more than being on her computer. She absolutely loved clothes. Kandy was very girlie and always wore high heels, nail polish, jewelry, make up and plenty of lip gloss. After deciding that she wanted to be different, she bought shoes that weren't high heels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first day of school started and Kandy was in 10th grade. Her new clothes got her a lot of attention, everyone complimented her about how they loved what she was wearing. That was the only thing she was confident about, her clothes. She knew that her style was awesome. Her best friend, Ang, was in two of her classes. Kandy thought that this would be the best year of school because she never had any friends in any of her classes before. Turns out they both had the same lunch. They would talk up by the road, on the sidewalk, to Speedway everyday for lunch. For some reason people would always honk at them and one day a girl yelled out the window and called them sluts. Obviously because she was jealous. The first few days of school went by fast, then kept getting slower and slower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a few days, Kandy saw this really hot guy named Jesse. But of course she was to shy to talk to him. She thought that if she told him how she felt about him that he wouldn't like her and think that she was ugly. So she didn't say anything. Kandy and Ang both had a friend named Gary. Kandy told Gary about how she liked Jesse but she didn't realize that he was friends with Jesse. Gary told Jesse that Kandy li... ...d he was buying her a present. Pulling out a wrapped box, Gary handed it to Kandy. She quickly opened it to find a beautiful necklace. She put it on and hugged him. They had enough of shopping, and went to see a movie. Kandy suggested a horror movie, so she had an excuse to get close to Gary. Too bad they didn't get to see most of the movie, because they were making out. That was the best five dollars she ever spent. Holding hands, Gary walked Kandy and Ang to their car. She said good bye and drove off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Kandy got home, she went on her computer to her chat room, messaged her online friends and told them how she wasn't going to be on there any more. They asked why and she explained to them how she has a boyfriend now and she doesn't need them. They were heartbroken, but she didn't care, she only cared about Gary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next day, Gary called her and said that he feels uncomfortable being around her and scared to even say hi. He asked her if it was all right if they would just be friends. She said sure, hung up on him, and started to cry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a few days she forgot all about him, and continued with her chatting, and found a new guy to become obsessed with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Analyzing Mr. Keating’s Teaching Concept in Dead Poets Society from Progressivism Essay

â…   Introduction 1.1 Brief Introduction of Dead Poets Society In 1959, Welton Academy is respected by the people for its dignified style at that time. The education mode there is fixed, not only monotonous but ideology shackled. However it all changed in the hands of a new teacher. John Keating’s educational method against tradition brought vitality to this school: in his classroom, he encouraged the students to stand upon the desk, to observe the world around with a different perspective; he introduced thoughtful poetry to students; the free divergent thinking philosophy he advocated caused great repercussions among students. Gradually, some people accepted him, began to bravely face every day and grasp their own life. Charlie is eager to find the real self, renamed Nuwanda. He takes advantage of being one of the proofers, seeks chance of expressing self-independent thought. Knox behaves uncharacteristically, be brave to pursue his love, finally get a gleam of hope. With the help of Mr. Keating and Neil, the autistic Todd breaks out infinite potential, walks out of shadow and becomes confident and gregarious. Under the edification of the Poetry Society, Neil listens to inner voice and found his real ideal. In spite of his father’s opposition, he successfully starred in the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. 1.2 Overseas and Domestic Research Status According to the document literature, there are not many domestic scholars study on education through Dead Poets Society. The articles one-sidedly analyze the teaching methods, teaching concept or teacher-student relationship of this film, which still help the analysis of several aspects in this thesis. For example The Teaching Paradigm Thinking Triggered by ‘Dead Poets Society’ written by Long Qixiang, it has explained the changes in teaching purpose in this film; and Discussion on Mr. Keating’ Teaching Concept in ‘Dead Poets Society’ written by Liu Weixing, it has analyzed teaching concept of Mr.Keating. Western scholars have fully analyzed Progressivism. They have put forward their own views from the meaning, thought and influence of Chinese and western education reform. The writer collates and selects the useful materials, by combining Progressive theory with this film will let readers understand how to reasonably teach in theory, and properly apply theory into practice better. â… ¡ Background Knowledge of Progressivism Progressive Education is an educational philosophical thought populated in the United States in first half of 20th century. It has a considerable impact on education at American schools. 2.1 Definition At the end of 19th century and the early 20th century, with the emergency of ‘Progressive Education’ movement in United States, the solid status of Western Absolutism which was completed by Herbart was shaken. Progressive education is an extensive educational trend based on progressive ideas. Its core idea is to promote the transformation of society and the update of human, so as to promote successive progress of human society through education and educational reform. This educational trend originated from 17, 18 century, its influence has continued to present day. 2.2 Theoretical Basis Progressive Education is the education experiment under the guidance of Dewey’s Pragmatism educational thinking. People strongly criticized the old traditional theories and methods led by Herbart, then its opposite ‘Children Centered’ theory put forward. Brief Introduction of Content about Dewey’s Pragmatism Educational Thought: (1) Education namely is Life, Growth and Experience Transformation Education is the process children are now living but not the preparation of future life. The best education is ‘learn from life’, ‘learn from experience’. Due to personal contact with people in social life, individual influences each other, and then we can gradually expand and improve experience, acquire knowledge and develop moral character. (2) School namely is Society. Dewey proposed, ‘I believe school primarily a social organization. Now that education is a social process, the school is a form of social life’. (3) Learning from Doing. The knowledge children gain from listening and reading is not real. The primal and impressive knowledge was gain from doing something like experiment. When we engaged in activities that are meaningful to us, our study effect will be magically revealed. So the study from doing will never be replaced by textbooks. (4) ‘Children Centered’ Theory Proponents of this theory take a child’s development as a natural process that teachers can not dominate, but being a ‘natural servant’. Take children’s interest as the center, emphasize children’s personal development and growth and put students in central point of teaching. Promote new forms, content, methods of education. 2.3 Influences to American Education Due to the establishment of guiding ideology based on people (children, learners), it would inevitably lead to the overall changes which are related to this aspect in education system. That is this whole education reform, at the end of 19th century, early 20th century American society really needs. In this sense, the first contribution of Progressive Education to American education is that, it powerfully promotes American education from agricultural age to industrial age, from modern to contemporary. The Progressive Education constitutes an important beginning of modern American education. Another critical contribution of Progressive Education to the development of American education in 20th century is that, it has had profound impact in forming the basic characteristics of school education in U.S.A. In contemporary American education, progressive educators have strongly advocated the importance of children’s needs and personality differences; emphasized providing more space for children; encouraged inquiry and creative development; respect for the rights of children and so on. All these have become a widespread reality. To some extent, Progressive Education fundamentally changed the atmosphere of American schools and classrooms. Though the ‘Children Centered’ theory advocated by Progressive Education was criticized, the authoritarianism educators opposed could no longer rule the American schools. â… ¢ Analyzing Mr. Keating’s Teaching Concept from the Perspectives of Progressivism In this chapter, the writer will analyze Mr. Keating’s teaching from the Teaching Purpose, Teaching Principles and Teacher-student Relationship of Progressivism; point out the advantages and hidden problems in his teaching. 3.1 Teaching Purpose Progressivism considered there is no ultimate, stable or universal goal preplanning for education. Education should promote children’s continuous growth and development, and this kind of growth and development will contribute to the follow-up. That is the purpose of education. In Welton Academy which filled with dogma and stuffy atmosphere, great courage and boldness is needed to be faithful to one’s personality. But Mr. Keating dares to use a unique way, visually warn students ‘to find your own road, to find your own walk, do not care what others say’. He uses’ Seize the Day’ to alert students to find themselves, to do what they want to do, ‘to make your life extraordinary’. He is a maverick. He is brave to lead the students to get rid of the shackles of tradition and discipline, to arouse the passion and desire in their hearts. In his view, paying attention to students’ creative thinking and self-expression of personality is more valuable than inheriting tradition. The traditional education starts from imparting knowledge and skills, the students’ task is to accept and store knowledge as much as possible in order to succeed at all levels of exam. This kind of education leads to the consequence that study is for knowledge and exams not for students themselves or their ideal life. So during the teaching process, Mr. Keating not only emphasizes students’ acquirement about knowledge and skills, but the training of the way they thinking and the cultivation of healthy personality. 3.2 Teaching Principles The principles of Progressive Education like methods, content and materials being adopted in the teaching process are all included. These are concrete steps to achieve the teaching purpose of Progressivism, and these are also the steps Mr. Keating always keeps on doing. Basic principles of ‘progressive education’ is: express and cultivate personality, oppose to instill from outside; behave freely, protest compulsory discipline; learn from experience not from the textbooks; oppose to obtain isolated skills and techniques through training; make full use of opportunities in real life, against fixed target and materials. To be more specific, principles can be divided into 10 points: (1) Attention to all abilities and power of a child. Student is considered to be a total organism which contains intellectual, social, emotional, physical, spiritual and other aspects. Students should not only develop intelligence but social, emotional, physical and other aspects should also be developed. This point is thought to be one of basics of ‘Children Centered’ theory. It doesn’t set a specific goal or inclined to develop the important aspect for children, but to grow up comprehensively. However, Welton as an educational institution, it likes a machine without heat and emotional coloring which only focuses on enrolment rate, processes each student into qualified product with its powerful deterrent and imprisoned force. The arrival of Mr. Keating injects fresh blood for them, so that they see the human instinct. The instinctive impulse, repressed desires, emotions and intentions deep in their unconscious begin to stir. (2) The role of a teacher is to encourage but not to supervise. This point is related to teacher-student relationship. In traditional teaching, the role of teacher is not only to teach students knowledge but a supervisor to assure students would not do the things which are out of discipline or influence their study. One pillar of Welton is discipline. What school should do is to assure enrollment rate, eradicate every activity that would influence students’ score, teachers always put heavy study pressure on students’ shoulder. Students there are not people but learning machine. In Progressivism, Teacher is a person who uses his rich and right experience to help students analyze and deal with different situations. He is important to be a guide or a leader in teaching, but he is not the only authority. In Mr. Keating’s teaching, he teaches book knowledge and life philosophy through normal daily activities and his own experience. He doesn’t limit students’ freedom and to encourage them to seize the day, to find things people really stay alive for. But it also shows that if students lack proper supervision, it will have negative impacts. (3) School should be positive and active to solve problems then enhance, but not be negative or passive in teaching through memories. Analysis and reconstruction of facts is indispensable for an increase of knowledge, explanatory power and the ability to correctly classified. If people want to find something new, they must do something to the object. It is necessary to jump out of the environment which has been set previously. A usual way of teaching is to remember and recite the book knowledge like formulas, equations and poems then repeat practicing. Welton only uses traditional ways to teach while sometimes not suitable for students, for example students learn Latin by reading after teacher; they learn science by doing much homework. While Mr. Keating encourages students try to look at things from different perspectives when they are learning, even though it may seem silly or wrong. He regards the way to rate and determine a poem great or not by the rational coordinate in textbook is excrement. He let students rip out entire introduction. (4) Friendly, enthusiastic and humanitarian classroom atmosphere. Class is the main place for teaching, the quality of teaching hinges on the atmosphere in class more or less. A teacher of profound learning should have the ability to make his students actively participate in the learning process, students have interest to learn then even profound knowledge could be understood. In other teachers’ classroom, students are silent and indiscriminate, teachers are authoritative and rigorous and the atmosphere is always tense. Students should follow and comply with teachers’ requirements otherwise they would get a low score in their exams. Mr. Keating’s class is on the contrary, no bondage is in the classroom. He does not adopt the way that teacher stands seriously on platform and students sit properly below. He walks among students and uses approachable ways imparting knowledge. (5) More space. This point likes the second point, which is to provide more space for children in learning and private daily life. In this film, students are under the control of authority; their inner desires are bound by reality. Space is namely freedom, it is required to learn, to live. People are instinctive to chase happiness, but it always restricts by reality, so we need to find a compromising way to chase happiness. They release repressed sentiment by reading poems in the cave, by reading a meaningful sentence before kicking football. The things they cannot achieve in real life can be got in poetic imagination. Under the suppression of Welton’s educational concept, Mr. Keating also harshly criticized school’s management system with his own practical action. (6) The curriculum should be adapted to each child’s level of maturity, and based on children’s interest, creativity, self-expression and personal development to achieve individualized. Children were born in their own way, but through the struggle with reality their individual character would be obliterated, from a pentagon to a round shape. Though Welton always cultivates only one type of person, which is qualified graduate. It is hard to implement this kind of curriculum even in today’s society, what we could do is to keep our pure personality from changing by our surroundings. (7) To provide children with a wealth of teaching materials, facilitate students to explore, to operate, to apply. Teaching is not limited in classroom, not limited in the required materials. Learning can in everywhere. In the first class of Mr. Keating, he whistled and led students to the school history exhibition room, let them stop their impetuous pace and face the age-old yellow photos, to listen to the silent advice’ Carpe Diem’, to comprehend the short time and demise of life. In gym class, he was playing vibrant Baroque music, while let students line up single file and read an incentive poetry before kicking the ball. These are not the ways traditional teachers would adopt but by which encourage students most. In headmaster’s eyes, students should sit in the classroom and absorb traditional materials which have been tested by practice. There is no need for them clapping and marching in the courtyard or doing anything which does not help with their study. (8) Establish organization to promote cooperation and make common experience. The knowledge and experience work out together by learners themselves will be more impressive than the one by force-feeding. In this film, students firstly organize study groups to help each other with their homework. Afterwards, they reorganize The Dead Poets—a community devotes to ‘suck out all the marrow of life’. They transfer the way to release repressed emotion to this literary society. Students rally in a cave at night, they recite the works of Byron, Whitman and even the one creates by them, feel the meaning and value of life. (9) Oppose to the concept of education is preparation for life. Advocate education is a constituent part of actual production process. This point is the same as Dewey’s Pragmatism. Progressivism sides on the idea that education is to enhance personal development in real life; rather than let children adapt to education, but let education adapt to children. Mr. Keating never urges students to get a high score or be the top of ranks, he just wants his children to acquire right values and grow up comprehensively through education. However, headmaster insists that the duty of school is to prepare students for college, because a best enrolment means bright future for students and reputation for school. The development of student’s rest aspects will take care of itself. It cannot say which one is absolutely right, but the two contradictions will cultivate entirely different students. (10) Against compulsory and strict punishment. This is the common rewards and penalties system even in today’s school. Students with good grades will receive many rewards, and others behave badly will be published differently due to their behaviors. In Welton Academy which takes enrolment rate as the ultimate goal. Mr. Keating as an English teacher, he abandons the stereotype and dogma and teaches without pointer and corporal punishment, but in the form of poetry, music and sports, inspires students to pursue the truth of life by applying his unique insights towards art . But when Charlie slipped an article in school paper, received a phone call from ‘God’ demanding girls be admitted to Welton, he was published by headmaster; he has to bow his head and look for forgiveness. 3.3 Teacher-student Relationship Progressivism inherited and developed the educational philosophy of Dewey’s Pragmatism. They think that children should be in accordance with their own needs and interests. Therefore, teachers should act as a mentor or advisor rather than an authoritative figure. The responsibility of the teacher is not to command relying on the authority but to provide advices. Children should determine their own things by the interest, and they plan their own development, teachers are just learning guide. (1) The role of students: they turn from ‘knowledge passive receptacles’ to ‘positive constructors’. Mr. Keating always thought the idea of education was to learn to think for yourself. He encouraged students to be a free thinker and told them the dangers of conformity. ‘Suck out the marrow of life in my own way. And not, when I had come to die, discover that I had not lived’. Obviously, Mr. Keating asked students to break the reality that passively accept tradition and authority, trying to require them to acquire knowledge through active thinking then resulting in the growth of life. Student is a total organism which is autonomous and developmental. They are not affected by external factors and continuously feel, experience the meaning and value of life in growing process. Thus teachers should not to control students’ behavior but to respect their self-awareness; pay attention to the needs of student’s physical, emotional and other aspects. Make the learning process becoming the process of students’ growth. Furthermore, knowledge is not granted by others, but discover and invent by learner themselves. The learning materials were chose, understood and reformed by learners’ own experience, then constructed their own new knowledge system. So students should not be the passive receptacles to store knowledge but active constructors. (2) The role of teachers: They change from ‘knowledge porters’ to ‘wisdom enlighteners’. Mr. Keating has vividly showed how to be a guide and enlighteners through his teaching methods and behavior. Teachers should create teaching situation, lead students to use prior knowledge and skills to delve into learning. In his class, Mr. Keating would start from the book learning or a shallow action into a deep life lesson. ‘Seize the day!’, ‘Talking about poetry is not laying pipe.’, ‘See everything in a different way, seek for your own voice’, ‘Find your own pace, swim against stream.’ Teachers should be aware of the importance of letting students know how to acquire knowledge rather than directly give them knowledge. To encourage students to be good at thinking, be daring to innovate, be brave to explore. It is sure if without Mr. Keating’s enforcement, Todd would not make his excellent verse and still be an obedient child; keep his desire deep in mind forever. From this point we can see, teacher and student are both living individual. They have their own emotions, personality, values and ways of thinking. They also have their own views and experience towards teaching. The teacher cannot be a substitute for his students to perceive or understand knowledge. Therefore, teacher cannot be the one controlling teaching; student should not comply with it. Teachers should walk down from the superior central authority; eliminate cold, nervous, hostile atmosphere in the classroom; return the classroom to students and regard students as individual life; respect their personality and equally talk with them. 3.4 Advantages of Mr. Keating’s Teaching 3.4.1 Mr. Keating set a model for teacher about Happy Teaching. He takes ease and freedom as standard to create a casual learning environment. Mr. Keating broke the ‘force-feeding’ teaching mode and built an interactive platform between teacher and students. He respected students and concerned about their real needs, made them happily grow up in a free, casual teaching environment. He taught students to have a pair of eyes to discover beauty, to feel the wonderful in discipline with their heart. Be good at observing and discovering; let all students to become the master of their own ideas. E.g. Mr. Keating encouraged them to look at things in different ways, to seek for own voice. This free divergent thinking form leaves students more space for positive thinking; another example is telling students lifetime is short, if you want to make your life extraordinary you have to seize the day. 3.4.2 Mr. Keating taught students to Learn to Think. He let students to learn thinking freely and independently. Have your own voice not to follow indiscriminately. Learning in the classroom is always dead and mechanical; the knowledge while we chat outside of the classroom is alive and vivid. The former is specialized knowledge; the latter ‘liberal’ education. E.g. Mr. Keating let students walk freely in the courtyard to experience that it is easy to follow the pace of others while walking behind them and it is difficult to adhere to their own pace and personality. 3.4.3 Mr. Keating helped students to Establish Confidence and Keep Faith. Mr. Keating introduced thoughtful poems to students, let them gradually comprehend the connotation of poem; learn to focus on reality and love life and to cultivate students’ self-confident, optimistic and tough characters. Students can play their potential ability by reciting poetry. E.g. Todd is an introverted and sensitive student, Mr. Keating saw his cowardice but he did not condone it. He forced Todd to yawn to compose a verse thus to release his repressed emotions. Mr. Keating makes students know the meaning of life through his poems. 3.4.4 Mr. Keating encouraged students to develop freely and show their personality. In the whole teaching process, Mr. Keating always encouraged students to develop personality. He thought teaching is not purely imparting knowledge but also deeply cultivating one’s personality. It is a process to let students think freely and explore independently. He let me know success is not unary. Some students study in reputable schools like Welton are carrying too much pressure from family and society, most of times what surroundings force them to do are not they really dream of. Like Neil, Todd and others, they all under the pressure of outside, so they have to hide their inner desire and abide to requirements. In the end, Neil found his dream, Todd overcame his cowardice, and Overstreet was brave to pursue his girl. These are all successes, they all develop without limitation. 3.5 Hidden Problems of Mr. Keating’s Teaching and the Solutions The most touching picture was on the football field: With the melody of Beethoven’s ‘Ode to joy’ and under the encouragement of Mr. Keating, the students wearing red sweatshirt enjoy running, chasing and frolicking. They simply carry Mr. Keating on their shoulders and run hilariously around the playground. In the golden sunset, the immortal melody that shines forever on the concept of human seems to have a new tone. However, the result of a movie is not always a happy ending. Neil’s death is really a tragedy. The hidden problems in Mr. Keating’s teaching have emerged. 3.5.1 ‘Children Centered’ Theory should work in its moderate otherwise it will gradually become an indulgent behavior. It is really a good thing that Mr. Keating changes the monotonous atmosphere for his students, to help them to find their inner desire and tell them many life philosophies. It is obvious that everyone hopes to meet a teacher like Mr. Keating. But it still needs supervision. At their meeting in cave, except a few good poems the students occasionally recited, practically accompanied by smoking and drinking. When Charlie did wrong, Mr. Keating just told him not to be blatant. But there is no need to excessively against nature like Welton. In my view, both teachers’ guidance and students’ interest should take into consideration in teaching. By combining both of them, students, teachers and school will be in a harmonious relationship. 3.5.2 The education concept of Mr. Keating seems to be too ideal. He said, ‘Medicine, law, business, engineering: these are noble pursuit and necessary to sustain life; but poetry, beauty, romance, love: these are what we stay alive for’. He tried to let students be aware of the importance of individual growth and the meaning of life. His words inspired students. They want to seek for dream at the same time they are trammeled by reality. But Neil is too concerned with his ideal to make necessary compromise with reality. He puts himself into an impasse and he kills himself in order to make his body free. This is the character of Progressivism: it focuses on personal development. However, it would be better if we balance personal needs and social needs; ideal and reality. Education should be the integration of these four parts. Blind pursuit of ideal is extremely dangerous because it would make us defeated by the cruel reality. Thus we must look for the most appropriate method to seek for dreams and try our best to keep the balance between ideal and reality. 3.5.3 Progressivism education ignores imparting system knowledge. In this film, Mr. Keating also emphasizes more on telling students about life philosophies rather than imparting system knowledge. He skips around the chapter in textbook which is not beneficial for students. To realize inner desire needs to put into action, systematic knowledge is the basis of practice. Understanding life philosophies is important for mental development while systematic knowledge is also indispensable for intellectual development. â… £ Conclusion After analyzing Mr. Keating’s teaching concept, educators can apply some useful points in Chinese education. There are some unreasonable status quos in Chinese education, like it highly required technicality of subject knowledge but ambiguously required for all-round capability of mastering and applying knowledge; most of disciplines which are self-contained do not communicate with each other and the learning content is away from reality and its practicality is poor. By combining useful points in the analysis, solutions could be put forward to improve status quo: As for Teaching Purpose, except focusing on high scores, there are many other things they should learn and experience like moral values. Personal growth and social purpose of education should in a balanced state. This is complete and correct purpose. As for Teaching Content, practical skills like fostering creativity, teamwork and logical reasoning could be increased, at the same time we should not neglect students’ learning about basic knowledge. Another important thing is that we should led students know how to apply them to practice, especially by using the examples in real life. After all, education is to help us to be able to deal with problems in many fields. As for Teaching Method, funds and advanced technology has been applying to teaching facilities nowadays, teaching methods become diverse and we should make full use of existing facilities. Teachers can combine their teaching content with appropriate method and facility, by doing so students will be more engaged in teaching process. By analyzing Mr. Keating’s teaching purpose, teaching principles and teacher-student relationship in Dead Poets Society from perspectives of Progressivism. Readers can firstly have a general understanding about this western educational philosophy, and then they can comprehend the theoretical foundation of Mr. Keating’s teaching behaviors, which is really commendable in Chinese education. Progressivism breaks through the fetter of traditional education, advocates the importance of children’s interests and free space to develop. But everything should be in a moderate, so that can avoid the issues because of extreme. The analysis of unreasonable status quo of Chinese high school education will attract people’s attention to problems of educational practice and education itself. That is we have to eliminate exam-oriented education which only focuses on students’ grades and neglects the development of other respects. As for the solutions of these problems are writer’s desired methods to solve them. The reform and healthy growth of Chinese education system will keep going through trial and error. Works Cited [1].è ° ¢Ã¥ ¦ ®Ã¥ ¦ ®. è ¿ Ã§â€ ¨Ã¥ ¼â€"æ ´â€ºÃ¤ ¼Å Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã§ ² ¾Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦Å¾ Ã¦â€° ¹Ã¨ ¯â€žÃ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¨ ¯â€žÃ¦Å¾ Ã£â‚¬Å Ã¦ ­ »Ã¤ º ¡Ã¨ ¯â€"ç ¤ ¾Ã£â‚¬â€¹[J]ï ¼Å'Ã¥ » ¶Ã¥ ®â€°Ã¨ Å'ä ¸Å¡Ã¦Å â‚¬Ã¦Å" ¯Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¯ ¼Å' 2011ï ¼Ë†03ï ¼â€° [2].刘å  «Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ½ ­Ã¥Å  ²Ã¦  ¾. æ µâ€¦Ã¨ ® ®Ã£â‚¬Å Ã¦ ­ »Ã¤ º ¡Ã¨ ¯â€"ç ¤ ¾Ã£â‚¬â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥Å¸ ºÃ¥ » ·Ã¨â‚¬ Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€¢â„¢Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã§ â€ Ã¥ ¿ µ[J]ï ¼Å'ç §â€˜Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¦â€"‡æ ±â€¡Ã¯ ¼Ë†Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€" ¬Ã¥Ë†Å Ã¯ ¼â€°Ã¯ ¼Å' 2010ï ¼Ë†02ï ¼â€° [3].é ¾â„¢Ã¨ µ ·Ã© ¦â„¢. Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§Å½ °Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã¥Å'â€"æ•™å ­ ¦Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ½ ¬Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã§â€ ±Ã¥ ½ ±Ã§â€°â€¡Ã£â‚¬Å Ã¦ ­ »Ã¤ º ¡Ã¨ ¯â€"ç ¤ ¾Ã£â‚¬â€¹Ã¥ ¼â€¢Ã¥ â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€¢â„¢Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¨Å'Æ'Ã¥ ¼ Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¨â‚¬Æ'[J],ä » £Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¨ ® ºÃ¥ â€ºÃ¯ ¼Ë†Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã§  â€Ã§ © ¶Ã¯ ¼â€° 2010ï ¼Ë†07ï ¼â€° [4].Ã¥ ­â„¢Ã¥â€¹â€¡. ç” µÃ¥ ½ ±Ã£â‚¬Å Ã¦ ­ »Ã¤ º ¡Ã¨ ¯â€"ç ¤ ¾Ã£â‚¬â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥  ¯Ã§ ¤ º[J]ï ¼Å' ä ¸ ­Ã¥â€º ½Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¨â€š ² 2 010ï ¼Ë†08ï ¼â€° [5].Ã¥  ¢Ã¥ ºâ€ Ã§â€Å¸,è ° ¢Ã¦Å¾ Ã© ¾â„¢ 《æ ­ »Ã¤ º ¡Ã¨ ¯â€"ç ¤ ¾Ã£â‚¬â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦ µ ªÃ¦ ¼ «Ã¤ ¸Å½Ã§Å½ °Ã¥ ®Å¾ [J],æÅ"ŸåˆŠè  £Ã¨ ªâ€°,2010ï ¼Ë†12ï ¼â€° [6].è ¿Å¾Ã§ ¼ ¤Ã§â€¡â€¢Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨ ·Æ'Ã¥ Å½. è ¿â€ºÃ¦ ­ ¥Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¤ ¹â€°Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ â€ Ã¨ ® ºÃ¥Å¸ ºÃ§ ¡â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¦ Å"Ã¥ ¨ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¦Æ' ³[J]ï ¼Å'ç §â€˜Ã¦Å â‚¬Ã¤ ¿ ¡Ã¦  ¯Ã¯ ¼Ë†Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§  â€Ã¯ ¼â€° 2007ï ¼Ë†31ï ¼â€° [7].Ã¥ ¼  Ã¦â€"Å'è ´ ¤. è ¿â€ºÃ¦ ­ ¥Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¤ ¹â€°Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨Ã¤ ¸Å½Ã§Å½ °Ã¤ » £Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥ â€˜Ã¥ ±â€¢[J]ï ¼Å'æ•™è‚ ²Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¯ ¼Å'1996ï ¼Ë†02ï ¼â€°